Образование в Британии (топик). Образование в Великобритании (Education in Great Britain) топик по английскому Образование великобритании на английском переводом

Education in England

In England, the Department of Education and Science is responsible for all levels of education. Universities, however, are self-governing and depend on the government only for financial grants. Education is compulsory between the ages of five and sixteen.

About one-third of primary and secondary schools in England are administered by Anglican or Roman Catholic voluntary organisations. More than 90 per cent of the secondary-school population (children aged eleven through eighteen) attend state-funded comprehensive schools, in which admission is not based on aptitude alone, and the remainder attend either grammar or secondary modern schools.

Tertiary colleges offer a full range of vocational and academic courses to students aged sixteen and older. Independent schools provide both primary and secondary education but charge tuition. In large cities, a number of independent schools are run by various ethnic and religious communities.

So-called public schools, which actually are private, are often categorized as independent schools. Most public schools are residential, are privately financed, and provide education to children aged eleven through nineteen.

Important public schools for boys include Eton (the oldest; established 1440-1441), Harrow, Winchester and Westminster; famous public schools for girls include Cheltenham.

There are also private, mostly residential, preparatory schools, which prepare students aged seven through thirteen for the Common Entrance Examination required to enter senior secondary schools. At the completion of secondary education, students receive the General Certificate of Secondary Education.

More than a third of England"s young adults receive some form of postsecondary education through colleges, polytechnics and universities. The universities of Oxford and Cambridge date from the 12th and 13th centuries, and both have university presses that are among the oldest printing and publishing houses in the world.

There are about 35 universities in England, some of which are referred to as "red brick" universities. These universities were founded in the late 19th or early 20th century in the industrial cities of , Liverpool, Leeds, Birmingham, Sheffield and Bristol and were constructed of red brick, as contrasted with the stone construction of the buildings of Oxford and Cambridge.

A continuing education program through the Open University (1969), in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, offers education through correspondence courses and the electronic media.

[ перевод на русский язык ]

Образование в Англии

В Англии Министерство образования и науки отвечает за все уровни образования. Однако университетам дается право на самоуправление, и они зависят от центрального правительства только в финансовом отношении. Образование является обязательным с пяти до шестнадцати лет.

Около трети начальных и средних школ в Англии управляются добровольными организациями англиканской или римско-католической церквей. Более 90 процентов учеников средней школы (дети в возрасте от одиннадцати до восемнадцати лет) посещают финансируемые государством общеобразовательные школы, куда принимают независимо от способностей, а другие посещают или специализированные школы, или средние современные школы.

Училища предлагают студентам в возрасте от шестнадцати лет полный спектр профессионально-технических и академических курсов. Независимые школы дают начальное и среднее образование, но по другой системе. В больших городах некоторое количество независимых школ управляется разными этническими и религиозными общинами.

Так называемые публичные школы, которые на самом деле являются частными, часто классифицируют как независимые школы. В большинстве публичных школ предусмотрено проживание, они финансируются из частных средств и предоставляют образование детям в возрасте от одиннадцати до девятнадцати лет.

В числе наиболее значительных школ для мальчиков — Итонский колледж (самый старый; основанный в 1440-1441 гг.), колледжи в Харроу, Винчестере и Вестминстере; среди известных привилегированных школ для девочек — школа в Челтенхеме.

Существуют также частные, в основном — с предусмотренным проживанием, подготовительные школы, которые занимаются подготовкой учеников семи-тринадцати лет к сдаче общего вступительного экзамена, необходимого для того, чтобы попасть в старшие классы средней школы. По окончании среднего образования студенты получают аттестат об общем среднем образовании.

Более трети молодых людей Англии получает дополнительное образование в колледжах, институтах и университетах. Университеты в Оксфорде и Кембридже известны с XII и XIII в., в обоих заведениях издается университетская пресса, они входят в число самых старых издательских домов в мире.

В Англии около 35 университетов, некоторые из них называют «краснокирпичными» университетами. Эти университеты были основаны в конце Х1Х-начале XX в. в промышленных городах, таких как Манчестер, Ливерпуль, Лидс, Бирмингем, Шеффилд и Бристоль, и были построены из красного кирпича, в отличие от каменных зданий Оксфорда и Кембриджа.

Действующая образовательная программа заочного университета (1969), в Милтон Кейнис, Букингемшире, предлагает получить образование заочно через переписку и электронные средства информации.

Every country has different educational system. There are Kindergarten, schools, college, university everywhere, but the period of education and program can be different even in two neighbor countries.

So Great Britain is one of the countries, where you can have the best education in the world.

At the age of two children go to kindergarten where they learn to count and write. 15 hours per week child can stay there for free, but extra hours have to be paid by parents. Kindergartens are not mandatory, so parents can keep children at home.

Primary education starts at the age of five to six. At this age children have to know counting and writing. But there are situations, when children don’t know this because they were at home all childhood. That’s why kindergartens are important. So at primary school children study English, maths, geography, music, art.

Secondary education starts at the age of 11. Here already you have to study Core subjects: maths, English and science. There are also subjects children can choose by themself.

You can finish school at the age of 16, but those who want to study at university have to continue at Sixth form and be ready for A-levels.

One more interesting thing is that in Great Britain children have marks: A, B, C. Minimum mark can be- U and that is very bad. And A is excellent.

High education in Great Britain is divided into University colleges, Polytechnics, Colleges of High Education. If you want to have the highest degree, you have to study about 8 years.

Well I see it’s not easy, but you can have great education and good profession in future.

Образование в Великобритании

В каждой стране существует своя система образования. Конечно, детский сад, школа, колледж и университет есть везде, но время обучения и программы могут быть совершенно разные даже в двух соседних странах.

Итак, Великобритания - одна из стран, где вы можете получить лучшее образование в мире. В возрасте 2 лет дети идут в детский сад, где они учатся писать и считать. 15 часов в неделю ребёнок может быть в саду бесплатно, за все дополнительные часы должны родители заплатить. Сады не обязательны для посещения, так что дети могут быть дома.

Начальная школа начинается в возрасте от 5 до 6 лет. В этом возрасте детки должны уметь писать и считать. Но бывают случаи, когда они этого всего не знают, ведь сидели дома вместо сада. Поэтому-то детские сады очень важны. В начальной школе детей учат английскому языку, математике, географии, музыке и искусству.

Средняя школа начинается в возрасте 11 лет. Здесь уже нужно изучать обязательные предметы: математику, английский язык и разные науки. Есть также предметы, которые дети выбирают сами.

Школу можно окончить и в 16 лет, но, если вы хотите учиться в университете, нужно продолжить обучение до 18 и получить за все предметы «отлично».

Ещё одна интересная вещь заключается в том, что в Великобритании дети получают отметки, типа, A,B,C. Минимальная отметка U- считается самой низкой, а А - это отлично.

Высшее образование в Великобритании разделено на колледж, политехникум и университет. Если вы хотите получить самую высокую степень образования, придётся учиться до 8 лет.

Так я вижу, что это нелегко, но вы можете получить отличное образование и иметь хорошую профессию в будущем.

In England and Wales compulsory school begins at the age of five, but before that age children can go to a nursery school, also called play school. School is compulsory till the children are 16 years old.
In Primary School and First School children learn to read and write and the basis of arithmetic. In the higher classes of Primary School (or in Middle School) children learn geography, history, religion and, in some schools, a foreign language. Then children go to the Secondary School.

When students are 16 years old they may take an exam in various subjects in order to have a qualification. These qualifications can be either G. C. S. E. (General Certificate of Secondary Education) or «0 level» (Ordinary level). After that students can either leave school and start working or continue their studies in the same school as before. If they continue, when they are 18, they have to take further examinations which are necessary for getting into university or college.
Some parents choose private schools for their children. They are very expensive but considered to provide a better education and good job opportunities.
In England there are 47 universities, including the Open University which teaches via TV and radio, about 400 colleges and institutes of higher education. The oldest universities in England are Oxford and Cambridge. Generally, universities award two kinds of degrees: the Bachelor’s degree and the Master’s degree.

Questions:
1. When does compulsory school begin?
2. How long does a child stay in compulsory school?
3. What subjects do children learn in Primary School?
4. What kind of exam do students have to take when they are 16?
5. Do students have to leave school at the age of 16 or to continue their studies?
6. How do private schools differ from the regular ones?
7. How many universities are there in England?
8. What is the Open University?
9. What kinds of degrees do universities award?

Образование в Британии
В Англии и Уэльсе обязательное обучение в школе начинается с пяти лет, но до этого возраста дети могут ходить в детский сад, также называемый игровой школой. Обучение в школе обязательно до достижения детьми возраста 16 лет.
В первичной школе и начальной школе дети учатся читать и писать, а также основам арифметики. В старших классах первичной школы (или в средней школе) дети учат географию, историю, религию и, в некоторых школах, иностранный язык. После этого дети переходят в среднюю школу.
Когда ученики достигают шестнадцатилетнего возраста,
они могут сдавать экзамены по различным предметам для получения квалификации. Квалификация может быть как образца О.С.С.О. (Основное Свидетельство о среднем образовании), так и обыкновенного уровня. После этого учащиеся могут покинуть школу и устроиться на работу, или продолжить образование в той же школе, что и перед этим. Если они продолжат, то, когда им исполнится 18 лет, они должны будут сдавать следующие экзамены, которые необходимы для поступления в университет или колледж.
Некоторые родители выбирают для своих детей частные школы. Они очень дорогие, но считается, что образование в них дается на более высоком уровне и имеются предпосылки для получения хорошей работы.
В Англии 47 университетов, включая Открытый университет, обучение в котором производится по телевидению и радио, около 400 колледжей и высших учебных заведений. Старейшие университеты Англии - Оксфорд и Кембридж. Главным образом, в университетах присваиваются два типа степеней: степени бакалавра и магистра.

Education in Great Britain
England schooling is compulsory for children of 5 to 16 years of age. Any child may attend a school without paying fees. Over 90% of children of compulsory school age go to state schools. The most important changes in Britain’s educational system were introduced under the Education Reform Act 1988. It led to the compulsory National Curriculum for pupils aged 5 to 16 in state schools. The Act also aims to give parents a wider choice of schools for their children. Local educational authorities finance most school education at local level. They also employ teachers. Every state school in England and Wales has a governing body, responsible for the school’s main policies. Parallel reforms are introduced in both Scotland and Northern Ireland.
Full-time education is compulsory up to the middle teenage years. There are three stages in education. The first stage is primary education; the second is secondary education; the third is further education at university or college.
Before going to a primary school children receive nursery education (some children attend pre-school play-groups). It’s the first age of education. Around half of 3-4 years old in Britain receive nursery education. Children of nursery age need care as well as education. Social, emotional and physical needs must be taken into consideration.
Compulsory primary education begins at the age of 5 in England, Wales and Scotland and at 4 in Northern Ireland. Children start their education in an infant school and move to a junior school at 7 years old. Primary schools vary in size and location. Pupils study different subjects (English, mathematics, science, history, geography, music, art, physical education). Over 80% of all primary schools are mixed.
In Britain most children of compulsory secondary school age (11-16) receive free education financed from public funds. The large majority of schools are mixed.
The school year in England and Wales begins in September and continues into July. In Scotland it is from August to June. In Northern Ireland - from September to June. At this level children start to learn a modern foreign language. The course of study at secondary school may lead to General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) qualifications. At 16 years old children take different examinations and have quite a lot of coursework, only after which they’re awarded GCSE.
Those who stay at school after GCSE, study for 2 more years for A (Advanced) level exams in two or three subjects.
A small proportion of children (about 8%) attend private, or independent schools, which are not financed by the state. To understand this phenomenon a little history is needed.
The British government paid little attention to education until the end of the 19th century. Schools had existed in Britain long before the government took an interest in education. A small group of schools admitted only the sons of the upper and upper middle classes. At these public schools much more attention was paid to «character-building» and the development of «team spirit» rather than to academic achievements. These were «boarding- schools» (as the pupils lived in them). The pupils wore distinctive clothes and the schools had their own traditions. The aim of those schools was to prepare young men to take up positions in the higher ranks of army, in business, civil service and politics.
A typical public school is for boys from 13. It admits fee-paying pupils. Such school is a boarding one. Each school is divided into houses with its housemaster. Public school place great emphasis on team sports. These schools are not at all luxurious or comfortable. A typical example of such a school is Eton.
British education has many different faces but one goal. Its aim is to realize the potential of all for the good of the individual and society as a whole.

The School Year
The school year is usually divided into three terms.
Autumn term lasts from September (or August) till Christmas holiday, which is about 2 weeks. Then spring term - till Easter holiday (also 2 weeks), and summer term, which lasts till June (or July). Summer holiday is about 6 weeks.
In addition all schools have a half-term, which lasts a few days or a week in the middle of each term.

School Life
Nearly all schools work five days a week. They are closed on Saturdays and Sundays. The school day starts at 9 o’clock and finishes between 3 and 4p.m. The lunch break usually lasts an hour-and-a-quarter. Most
pupils have lunch provided by the school. The lunch is paid by parents. Other children either go home for lunch or have a snack at school.

Exams
At 15-16 years old school children take public exams. They are not usually set up by the government (rather by independent examining boards). Each school or Local Education Authority decides which exams their pupils are to take. The boards publish syllabus for each subject. There is no single school-leaving exam or school-leaving certificate. Usually a vast range of subjects is offered for school children. Nearly all pupils do exam in English, Maths and Science. Most do exams in technology and in a foreign language. Some pupils take exams in 3-4 additional subjects.
Usually exams have nothing to do with school years. Once the examining boards decided to include certain popular television programmes on their literature syllabus.

EXERCISES
I. Answer the questions.
1. What is the goal of education in Britain?
2. What types of school do you know in Britain?
3. What school do children at 6 years attend?
4. What exams do children have to take at 16 years old?
5. What subjects do pupils learn at secondary school?
6. Is there any difference between state and independent schools?
7. What is the aim of private schools?
8. Can you give an example of a private school?
9. Is schooling compulsory for pupils of 17 years old?
10. When does the academic year begin?

II. True or false?
1. Schooling is compulsory for children of 5 to 16 years of age.
2. Quite a large number of children attend public schools.
3. The first stage of education is secondary education.
4. Children in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland go to school at the same age.
5. Only a small part of schools are mixed.
6. At public schools much attention is paid to character-building.
7. After finishing secondary school children are awarded GCSE.

III. Explain the meaning of the following words and expressions.
1. private education -
2. compulsory education -
3. mixed schools -
4. boarding schools -
5. GCSE -
6. academic year -
7. nursery education -
Answers
II. 1. T; 2. F; 3. F; 4. F; 5. F; 6. T; 7. T.

Education in Great Britain (continued)
At the age of 16 pupils can leave school. But quite a lot of them want to continue their education. Only 1/3 of all leave school at 16 and look for a job. (The general level of unemployed is high today. Some of them find job immediately and many take part in training schemes (which means job combined with part-time college courses).
In England and Wales those who stay at school study just three subjects in preparation for taking A-level exams (Advanced Level).
These academic exams are set by the same examining boards that set GCSE exams. They’re taken by pupils at the age of 18 years old, who wish to continue their education.
Universities usually select students on the basis of A-level results and an interview (students who wish to enter Oxford and Cambridge have to take certain exams). Those who have better A-level results are usually accepted.
Higher education has become more available in the second half of the 20th century. In 1960 there were less than 25 universities in Britain. By 1980 there were already more than 40, and by 1995 there were over a hundred institutions with university status.
Universities take the better students, that’s why nearly all students complete their studies. The normal course of study lasts 3-4 years. Students are not supposed to take a job during the term. Unless their parents are rich, they receive a state grant, which covers most of their expenses, including the cost of accommodation. Quite a lot of students live on campus (or in college) or in rooms nearby.
However, nowadays the government reduces the amount of the students and encourages a system of top-up loans. That’s why quite a lot of students can’t afford to live in college and many more of them are forced to do a part-time job, but this reduces the traditionally high quality of British university education. And, in addition, the number of students from low-income families has been greatly reduced.
There are no great distinctions between different types of universities in Britain. But still there are some categories of them.
First of all, Oxbridge. Oxford and Cambridge were founded in the medieval period. These Universities consist of semi-independent colleges, each of them having its own staff («Fellows»).
The «Fellows» teach the college students either one-to one or in very small groups. This system is unique in the world and known as tutorials in Oxford and supervisions in Cambridge.
Then, Scotish universities. By 1600 Scot-land had 4 universities - Glasgow, Edinburgh, Aberdeen and St. Andrews. St. Andrews resembles Oxbridge very much. In the other three most of the students live at home or find their rooms in town. The process of study at these universities is very close to the continental one. There is less specialization than at Oxbridge.
During the 19th century various institutions of higher education (usually technical ones) were founded in the industrial towns and cities such as Birmingham, Manchester and Leeds.
Their buildings were of local brick, so they got the name «redbrick» universities. They contrasted chiefly with Oxford and Cambridge. At first, they prepared students for London University degrees, but later they were given the right to award their own degrees. They became universities themselves. Now they accept students from all over the country. These universities are financed by local authority.
One of the developments in education in Britain is certainly the Open University. It was founded in 1971. Some people don’t have an opportunity to study full-time, and this university allows them to study for degree. The university’s courses are taught through television, radio and course books. Its students work individually and with tutors, to whom they send their papers. The students discuss their work at meetings or through correspondence. In summer they attend short courses.

EXERCISES
I. Answer the questions.
1. Do pupils at 16 prefer to continue their education or to find job?
2. How many subjects are studied by pupils in preparation for taking A-level exams?
3. When do pupils take their A-level exams?
4. How do universities select students?
5. Why do all students usually complete their studies?
6. Why has the high quality of British university education been reduced recently?
7. When was the Open University founded?

Vocabulary:
compulsory - обязательно;
nursery school [ˈnəːsərɪ] - детский сад;
Primary School [ˈpraɪmərɪ] - начальная школа;
Secondary School [ˈsekəndərɪ] - средняя школа;
last - продолжаться;
General Certificate - Общее свидетельство;
A-level - уровень А;
higher - высшее;
receive - получать;
accommodation [əkɒməˈdeɪſ(ə)n] - жилье;

Twelve million children visit about 40.000 schools in Britain. Education in Great Britain is compulsory. All British children must stady at school between the ages of 5 and 16. Many of them stay longer and take school-leaving exams when they are 18. But before that age of 5 many children can go to a nursery school, also called play school.

In Primary School and First School children learn to read and write and the basis of arithmetic. In the higher classes of Primary School (or in Middle School) children learn geography, history, religion and, in some schools, a foreign language. Then children go to the Secondary School.

Compulsory secondary education begins when children are 11 or 12 and lasts for 5 years. Secondary school is traditionally divided into 5 forms: a form to each year. Children study English, Mathematics, Science, History, Art, Geography, Music, a Foreign language and have lessons of Physical training, Religious. At the age of 7,11 and 14 pupils take examinations in the core subjects.

At the age of 16 pupils take General Certificate of Secondary Education exams in several subjects. After that they can try to get a job, go to college of further education, or stay at school for another 2-3 years.

If they stay at school after 16, or go to a college of further education, they take school-leaving A-level exams at the age of 18. After that, they may choose to go to a university or a college of higher education.

In England there are 47 universities, including the Open University which teaches via TV and radio, about 400 colleges and institutes of higher education. The oldest universities in England are Oxford and Cambridge. Generally, universities award two kinds of degrees: the Bachelor’s degree and the Master’s degree.

Students may receive grants and loans from their Local Educational Authorities to help pay for books, accommodation, transport and food. However, most students should pay these loans back after they get a job.

Most students in Great Britain live away from home, in flats or halls of residence. To pay for education, many students have to work in the evening and during their summer vacations.

Some parents choose private schools for their children. They are very expensive but considered to provide a better education and good job opportunities.

Топик по английскому языку на тему: Education in Great Britain / Образование в Великобритании

Education in Britain is compulsory and free for all children.

Primary education begins at the age of 5 in England, Wales and Scotland, and 4 in Northern Ireland. It includes three age ranges: nursery for children under 5 years, infants from 5 to 7, and juniors from 7 to 11 years old. In nursery schools babies don’t have real classes, they learn some elementary things such as numbers, colours and letters. Besides, they play, have lunch and sleep there. Children usually start their school education in an infant school and move to a junior school at the age of 7.

Compulsory secondary education begins when children are 11 or 12 and lasts for 5 years: one form to each year. Secondary schools are generally much larger than primary ones. Pupils in England and Wales begin studying a range of subjects stipulated under the National Curriculum. Religious education is available in all schools, although parents have the right to withdraw their children from such classes.

About 5 per cent of schoolchildren attend fee-paying private or public schools. Most of these schools are boarding ones, where children live as well as study. The most famous British public schools are Eton, Harrow and Winchester.

The large majority of British schools teach both boys and girls together. But grammar schools, which give state secondary education of a very high standard, teach boys and girls separately.

The school year in England and Wales starts in September and ends in July. In Scotland it runs from August to June and in Northern Ireland from September to June and has three terms. At 7 and 11 years old, and then at 14 and 16 at secondary school, pupils take examinations in the core subjects (English, Mathematics and Science).

The main school examination, the General Certificate of secondary education (GCSE) examination is taken at the age of 16. If pupils are successful, they can make their choice: they may either go to a Further Education College or a Polytechnic or they may continue their education in the sixth form. Those who stay at school after GCSE, study for 2 more years for "A" (Advanced) Level Exams in two or three subjects which is necessary to enter one of British universities. Universities usually select students basing on their A-level results and an interview. After three years of study a university graduate gets the Degree of a Bachelor of Arts, Science or Engineering. Many students then continue their studies for a Master"s Degree and then a Doctor"s Degree (PhD).

Перевод

Британское образование обязательно и бесплатно для всех детей.

Начальное образование начинается в 5 лет в Англии, Уэльсе и Шотландии, и в 4 года – в Северной Ирландии. Оно включает три возрастных диапазона: ясли для детей до 5 лет, начальная школа от 5 до 7 лет и младшая школа для детей 7-11 лет. В детских садах у малышей еще нет настоящих уроков, их обучают лишь некоторым элементарным вещам: цифрам, цветам и буквам. Кроме того, они играют, обедают и спят. Дети обычно начинают свое образование в начальной школе и далее в младшей школе в возрасте 7 лет.

Обязательное среднее образование начинается в возрасте 11 или 12 лет и продолжается в течение 5 лет: по одному классу на каждый год. Средние школы, как правило, намного больше начальных. Ученики в Англии и Уэльсе приступают к изучению комплекса предметов, подразумеваемых Национальной программой. Религиозное образование также присутствует во всех школах, хотя родители имеют право отказаться от этих занятий.

Около 5% школьников посещают платные частные школы. Большая часть таких школ является интернатами, то есть дети в них и живут, и обучаются. Самыми знаменитыми британскими частными школами считаются Итон, Хэрроу и Винчестер.

Большинство британских школ обучает мальчиков и девочек вместе. Однако «грамматические» школы, которые дают государственное среднее образование на очень высоком уровне, занимаются с мальчиками и девочками отдельно.

Учебный год в Англии и Уэльсе начинается в сентябре и заканчивается в июле. В Шотландии он длится с августа по июнь, а в Северной Ирландии – с сентября по июнь и состоит из трех семестров. В возрасте 7 и 11 лет, а потом 14 и 16 лет в средних школах дети сдают экзамены по основным предметам (английский, математика и естествознание).

Главный школьный экзамен на сертификат о среднем образовании (GCSE) проводится в возрасте 16 лет. Если ученики сдают его успешно, у них есть выбор: они могут либо поступить в Колледж дополнительного образования или в политехническую школу, либо продолжить свое образование в шестом классе. Те, кто остается в школе после GCSE, учатся еще 2 года для того, чтобы сдать экзамены продвинутого уровня «А» по двум-трем предметам, что является необходимым условием для поступления в британский университет. Университеты обычно отбирают студентов по результатам «А» экзаменов и собеседования. Через 3 года обучения выпускник университета получает Степень бакалавра гуманитарных, естественных или технических наук. Многие студенты далее продолжают обучение для получения Степени магистра и после Степени доктора.